Employee engagement and their job satisfaction in remote working conditions

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a very large increase in the proportion of time spent working remotely to total working time. To date, this form has been used primarily by enterprises with branches dispersed across one or multiple countries. This form of performing duties by employees brought a number of benefits in the form of acceleration of decision-making processes, and reduction of time and costs. In the past, teleworking time was regulated according to needs and supported by a significantly reduced number of face-to-face employee meetings. With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work has become the main or only form of contact with colleagues and superiors in many situations related to the ban on movement, re-gardless of the place of business. At that time, employers were concerned that it would not result in a decrease in employee engagement and job satisfaction.The article was intended to identify and assess the relationship and cause-and-effect relationship between commitment and job satisfaction in the context of remote work. The results of the study helped to expand knowledge about relationships. It has been confirmed that there is a positive relationship between employee engagement and job satisfaction;In addition, employees distinguish between commitment to work and organization, and the impact of types of commitment on job satisfaction varies. It has also been shown that both remote work and employee involvement affect their job satisfaction.

Changeability of transport behaviour in a large city from the perspective of working days and Sundays: The case of Lodz, Poland

The transport behaviour of Lodz residents with a view to constructing a balanced traffic model to include both private and public transport is examined in this paper. A survey was conducted among 6,000 Lodz citizens using mixed-mode techniques: CAWI and CATI: respondents were asked to complete a travel log for the previous day and the previous Sunday. This served as a basis for further analyses, performed with PTV simulation software, following a four-step model. The main results of the study are presented, including the mobility rate of Lodz residents, the motivations and duration of journeys, and the division of transport tasks into workdays and Sundays, indicating that a higher private carload is typical for home-other and other-home trips on Sundays compared to working days. The number of home to work and work-home trips via private cars is higher for working days compared to Sundays. Furthermore, the simulated traffic load of the public transport system is much higher for working days compared to Sundays. A higher percentage of non-motorised trips and longer trip duration are found to be common for Sundays as well.

The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emitted PM2.5 in Urban Road Networks: Using Loop Data and Kriging Method for Passenger Cars in the Central Part of the City of Lodz

In this paper, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emission of PM2.5 generated by passenger cars is investigated. First, traffic data collected from the inductive loop sensors is analyzed. Second, the traffic flow for the whole network system is estimated using an isometric transformed network and the Euclidean space, and the representative one is selected. Then, an emission model is presented for measuring the level of PM2.5 emissions by the passenger cars, and the integration process is given. Finally, the model is implemented on the central part of the city of Lodz, and the value of emissions before and after the COVID-19 pandemic is measured. Finally, the outputs and the process of the model calibration are depicted. Results show that before the pandemic, PM2.5 pollution was highly concentrated in the center and peripheral parts of the area under consideration, and it would gradually drop outside rush hours and grow at peak hours. After the lockdown, the pollution load throughout the whole area, and across its central parts in particular, decreased dramatically. Outputs also illustrate that restrictions not only lower the car-induced PM2.5 but also have a significant effect on the impact zones, areas affected by the pollutants. Another finding is that although the COVID-19 outbreak clearly poses a serious threat to life and health, it has had an exceptionally positive impact on the natural environment, becoming an unconventional mechanism for its restoration.